ARTIKEL DUNIA KERJA : INFLATION

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Inflation is a continual increase in prices throughout a nation’s economy. The rate of inflation is determined by changes in the price level, an average of all prices. If some prices rise and others fall, the price level may not change. Therefore, inflation occurs only if most major prices go up. Inflation reduces the value–also called the purchasing power–of money. During an inflationary period, a certain amount of money buys less than before. For example, a worker may get a salary increase of 10 percent. If prices remain stable, the worker can buy 10 percent more goods and services. But if prices also increase 10 percent, the worker’s purchasing power has not changed. If prices rise more than 10 percent, the worker cannot buy as much as he or she previously could. Inflation has many causes. It may result if consumers demand more goods and services than businesses can produce. Inflation may also occur if employers grant wage increases that exceed gains in productivity. The employers pass most or all of the cost of the wage increase along to consumers by charging higher prices. A government can try to control inflation by increasing taxes, raising interest rates, decreasing the money supply, reducing government spending, and setting limits on wages and prices. But the government’s task is difficult, chiefly because it may trigger a recession when it attempts to reduce inflation. The opposite of inflation is deflation, a decrease in prices throughout a nation’s economy. Deflation tends to occur during periods of economic depression but may also happen at other times. For a discussion of the economic conditions sometimes associated with deflation.

Kinds of inflation

Mild inflation occurs when the price level increases from 2 to 4 percent a year. If businesses can pass the increases along to consumers, the economy thrives. Jobs are plentiful, and unemployment falls. If wages rise faster than prices, workers have greater purchasing power. But mild inflation usually lasts only a short time. Employers seek larger profits during periods of economic growth, and unions seek higher wages. As a result, prices rise even further–and  inflation increases. Moderate inflation results when the annual rate of inflation ranges from 5 to 9 percent. During a period of moderate inflation, prices increase more quickly than wages, and so purchasing power declines. Most people purchase more at such times because they would rather have goods and services than money that is declining in value. This increased demand for goods and services causes prices to rise even further. Severe inflation occurs when the annual rate of inflation is 10 percent or higher. This type of inflation is also called double-digit inflation. During a period of severe inflation, prices rise much faster than wages, and so purchasing power decreases rapidly. When inflation is severe, debtors benefit at the expense of lenders. If prices increase during the period of a loan, the debtor repays the debt with dollars less valuable than those that were borrowed. In terms of purchasing power, the lender does not get back as much money as was lent. 

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ARTIKEL DUNIA KERJA: LANGUAGE LEARNING

by englisharticles .info

Once you realise that no method of language teaching is going to give you the ability to speak a foreign tongue to business standards in a few weeks, the selection of a system of teaching becomes a simple calculation of time, money and need. There are three levels of language ability – tourist, social and fluent – and the gaps between them are huge. Most of us are aware that the schoolboy German that gets us into hotels and through supermarkets is not sufficient to keep up a pleasant dinner party conversation. Similarly, the ability to join in such a conversation, which is about as much as most of us could hope to achieve, is a long way from a full intelligent grasp of the language and its culture.
For a quick introduction to the basics, I prefer the cassette/book system. Language books alone cannot offer the ecessary pronunciation skills, skills which you are going to need in order to understand, for example, the train announcements on the Moscow underground. Cassettes, however, have proved a great aid for the language student.
The essential requirement when learning a language, even at that level, remains effort. The more willingness the  student brings to the task, the easier the course will be. For European languages that effort comes a little easier. The Londoner learning French or the Parisian learning English can readily find newspapers, radio stations and restaurants where the language is used and can thus become familiar with that culture before his visit. If the tongue is to be Tamil or Serbo-Croat, the task is a little more difficult. With languages such as French and German, it is also possible to listen to, or record, the BBC Schools programmes, which are always helpful. There is no question, however, that the best teaching, and obviously the most expensive, is in the classroom, the very best being a one-to-one teaching basis,that is, private tutoring. For this, you will be paying a few hundred pounds per week and it is important to check carefully on the chosen place of learning. Language teaching attracts some dishonest establishments. Watch out for the school that promises an ability to ‘reach the moon’ after a couple of hours in the language lab!

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ARTIKEL DUNIA KERJA: CRITICAL THINKING IS WELCOME

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An increasing number of teachers, from kindergarten through college, have altered lesson plans to include the art of thinking. Many others are being trained so that they can shift the classroom emphasis away from just giving pupils information and move toward making them think about the issues raised by that information. Educators say that students have become obsessed with getting the right answers on tests and so they are weak at analyzing what they are learning and at grasping implications. These weaknesses, the educators say, will affect the students’ ability to make future decisions about career and 10 marriage, what candidates to vote for and what products to buy. “It’s not just the ability to remember things^and feed them back on tests that detennines how well you’re going to do in life,” said Dr. Heidi Jacobs, a professor at Teachers College at Columbia University. “It’s the ability to solve problems and reflect and to, in fact, think critically.”

Unfortunately, about 80 per cent of class questions, according to Dr. Jacobs, are designed simply to have students recall information. Moreover, the pressure to raise student performance on standardized tests created an exaggerated stress on memorized information. In reaction to this, more teachers have begun to support the movement to teach critical thinking in schools. While schools and teachers have always assumed that thinking was part of their mission, educators are now making the teaching of thinking skills a more formal part of their programs. For example, there has been a dramatic push in the last few years by at least 28 states and hundreds of schools to re-train teachers and revise curriculums.

In the early 1980’s, reports by several influential commissions claimed that it was vital to improve reasoning abilities for a population that would have to adjust to sweeping changes in technology in a more competitive world. Since 1985, the California State University system has required its one million students to take a course in critical thinking before they can graduate. New York City’s Board of Education created a Reasoning Skills Unit to prepare analytical questions to be used by the teachers of various subjects. Such questions will encourage students to think about what they have been taught and use the information in a more practical way. Students are now being taught analytical skills such as inferring explanations, supporting an argument, judging the credibility of a source, verifying an observation, identifying underlying assumptions, and designing experiments so that a particular variable can be controlled.

Articles on teaching the concept of ‘critical thinking’ have been published in educational journals since the late 1970’s. Starting in the 1980’s, supporters have set up three professional associations and currently publish six journals. In fact, the critical-thinking movement has become so strong that it now has three factions: teachers who say thinking should be taught separately, those who argue that it should be only integrated into the normal curriculum, and those who believe that both these approaches are equally applicable. Even in teaching mathematics, some supporters suggest that instructors move away from the assumption that there is always one correct answer. Instead, they say, students should be encouraged to explain how they arrived at a different answer. Mr. Ewen, a math teacher, said he could accept 6 as a plausible answer to “What is 29 divided by 5?” if the student provided a reasonable explanation. A 55 student, he said, might calculate that 29 chips divided into piles of 5 each will yield 6 piles, even though one of the piles is shorter than the others. “The greatest discoveries,” he added, “have come from people who have looked at a standard situation and seen it differently.”

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ARTIKEL DUNIA KERJA: WEEP FOR HEALTH

Anger, fear, or the shock of sudden sorrow brings physical changes in our bodies. The digestion is shut down, the blood pressure is raised, the heart speeds up, and the skin becomes cold. If maintained over a prolonged period, this emergency status makes the body – and the personality – tight, dry and rigid. In people who are afraid to let themselves pour forth their painful emotions, doctors find that suppressed tears can trigger such ailments as asthma, migraine headache, and many others. Weeping, on the other hand, comes as part of the reversal of conditions of alarm, shock and anger. Tears do not, therefore, mark a breakdown or low point, but a transition to warmth, hope and health. So there is a genuine wisdom in tears. In permitting ourselves to weep instead of repressing the impulse, we help ourselves to health.

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ARTIKEL DUNIA KERJA: HEALTH EDUCATION IN SCHOOLS

Human biology is a detailed and complicated study. Thus, for the purposes of health education in schools, it is best approached from the point of view of function rather than structure. The detailed anatomy and physiology of the heart and circulation, for instance, are not needed, but students should know that the heart’s function improves with use and that regular exercise is the best way to avoid distress upon exertion. Thus, the basic knowledge required to live a healthy life is that oxygen is supplied to the muscles by a partnership of lungs and heart, the lungs taking in a supply and the heart distributing it. Exercise involves a call for more oxygen and, if the heart is not trained to deliver a full volume of blood with each beat, the lungs must work harder to compensate. These simple facts can be appreciated without the need for elaborate detail.

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ARTIKEL DUNIA KERJA: Humanistic Education

by englisharticles .info

We should try to actualize humanistic education. Respect, love, being objective, dignity, astain. Basic psychological need of people are dignity, respect, love, astain, belongingness, security. To foster the psychological growth of our students humanistic education is needed.

It has become more and more recognized that a vast majority of people achieve only a small portion of their potential. Humanistic education is concerned with educating the whole person in the intellectual and emotional dimensions. Learning is effected by how studentsfeel about themselves. Focus on the positive aspect is important. We should free ourselves of the negative by focusing on the good things in ourselves and in others. Students can flourish and grow when the focus in on the acceptance and approval.

Personal Qualities of a Teacher
• Tolerance
• Self-confidence
• Patience
• A teacher able to motivate the students
• Resillience (recover from a negative feeling as easily as possible)
• The ability to establish report between himself and the students
• Being persuasive, hopefulness, faith, determination, being consistent, fair, and to be forgiving.

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ARTIKEL DUNIA KERJA - How to become a Fashion Designer

Aside from being model or a Hollywood A-lister, perhaps there is no other career more glamorous or exciting as fashion design. Most people conceive of a career in fashion designing as merely drinking cocktails, dressing celebrities up and attending chi-chi affairs. But fashion designing is more than that. Fashion is not just about clothes design either; designers pursue other interests like shoes, accessories, or bag designs. Of course, nothing gives a designer glory than a famous celebrity wearing and acknowledging her creations. Excited about pursuing a fashion designing career? Don’t grab your pencil and paper yet, there is more to designing than just drawing.

In setting up a fashion design business, a budding designer needs to know the basics. Knowledge and experience in designing, drawing, sketching, and CAD applications are necessary to facilitate design illustrations. Expertise in sewing, embroidery, and detailing are important and give a young designer advantage over starting competitors. Of course, knowledge in textiles, fabrics, and clothing technology are also requirements. Certification from design schools and workshops give additional points for a budding designer but are not really necessary.

Possessing the above-mentioned skills does not guarantee fashion designing success. These are just the tip of the proverbial iceberg in starting your own fashion business. As a starting fashion designer, you must identify the type of design you are interested in pursuing. Whether it is clothes, accessories, bags, or shoes design, it is important to equip yourself with the know-how of that particular industry. Also, defining your market is a vital step. Are you going to concentrate on women, teens, kids, men, or be a general designer? Some starting designers opt to concentrate on a special market by being a formal wear designer or a bridal gown designer. General designers however, usually get the most profits since they cater to everyone. Employees are also crucial part of your planning stage. Starting design businesses opt to open their own store and hire their own pattern-makers, sewers, and staff. Others choose to do consignment and affiliate themselves with department stores and boutiques. Custom and per-order designing are the usual pursuits of budding designers. Fashion business experts recommend the latter two to most starting fashion design business as these require less capital and workforce.

But still, there is nothing like the thrill of working close to top models and famous designers. To jumpstart a fashion design career quickly, applying as an employee in a fashion house is another option. Positions for entry-level applicants are usually pattern makers, sample maker, and sketcher. The key is to see these lowly positions as training ground for your fashion empire. To apply for these jobs, it is important to prepare an impressive portfolio with your designs and pictures of finished products from past customers. Fashion house managers agree that they tend to look for individuals with great style and flair for fashion. So dressing the part for interviews and applicant workshops help a lot.

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ARTIKEL DUNIA KERJA: Internet Addiction

Internet addiction, sometimes called as cyberspace addiction or online addiction, can show itself in many ways in today’s teens.

If your daughter just spent an entire beautiful weekend tweaking her MySpace page, foregoing a trip with the family to an amusement park, she may be showing signs of addiction. If you checked your Internet browser’s history only to find out your innocent, naïve teenage son has spent the last five afternoons accessing pornographic Web sites where the titles alone are enough to make you blush, he may be addicted.

The Internet is a seductive place, especially for today’s linked-in teens who are far more likely to add graffiti to their friend’s Facebook wall than they are to actually get on their bicycle and ride over to that same friend’s house. You have to admit it would be a challenge to connect face-to-face with someone you’ve never met in person and who lives in a different time zone.

Therein lies the problem. The Internet is perfect for teens. Today’s social networking sites like MySpace, Facebook, and Twitter let them represent themselves as whomever, or whatever, they want. Everything is edited by them, chosen specifically to present the face they want the world to see. And if they decide to change that face, then they just delete some pictures, add some new friends, and voila’ – new person!

Experts say that as many as 10 percent of Internet users may be considered addicted, although some mental health professionals balk at using that term in a clinical sense. They argue that an activity can only be addictive when it causes a certain type of chemical reaction in the brain, and that’s hard to determine. But when you’re arguing with a teen about the amount of time she’s spending online and she just can’t get her paper done because her AOL Instant Messenger keeps alerting her something new and exciting is happening with her best friend, then call it what you like, it’s a problem – for you, the child, and the entire family.

Many parents feel torn, though, about limiting their children’s time on the computer. If a teen is struggling socially, some parents believe any human interaction, even through the computer, is preferable to none. And with teens that are risk-takers or have questionable taste in friends, some parents feel they can better monitor and keep their children safe by letting them stay home, downloading music files and creating quizzes for their Web pages. And many parents just want to avoid the tantrums, the cold shoulder, or the arguments that flare whenever the issue of computer time management comes up.

There are a couple of Web sites that you and your child can visit together to assess their level of addiction. Try the addiction quizzes at netaddiction.com or mediafamily.org. Even if you don’t actually believe your child is addicted, the tests are a good way to initiate some dialogue and get them thinking about how they are spending their time.

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ARTIKEL DUNIA KERJA : INSULIN

A protein hormone, produced by the pancreas, that controls the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood, and is used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The hormone is synthesized in beta cells, which are included in separated groups of hormone-secreting cells of the pancreas known as the islets of Langerhans. The name “insulin” refers to the insular, or “island,” source of the hormone.

Insulin was first extracted from the pancreas in Canada in 1921 by Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best, working in cooperation with John J. Macleod. In recognition of their work, Banting and Macleod were awarded the 1923 Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine.

Structure. The insulin molecule consists of two chains of linked amino acids, the A chain containing 21 amino acids, the B chain, 30. The chains are connected by two disulfide bridges (formed of two sulfur atoms each), while a third disulfide bridge stretches across several amino acids on the A chain. The connected chains are partially coiled and twisted into a globular structure, a configuration essential for biological activity.

Insulin is found in fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and birds, as well as in mammals. Pig insulin is often used in the treatment of diabetes, a disease characterized by high levels of blood sugar. It differs from human insulin by only a single different amino acid.

Function. Insulin is the most important hormone in intermediate metabolism. Its most prominent effect is to lower blood sugar, primarily by facilitating the uptake and use of glucose by muscle and fat cells and inhibiting the formation of new glucose by the liver. Insulin increases the storage of excess glucose in the form of glycogen. It also stimulates the storage of other energy forms (fat, protein) and inhibits the breakdown and use of these stored materials by the body.

Some insulin is stored in the pancreas, and glucose in the blood serves as the primary stimulus for its release. Glucose also stimulates the synthesis of additional insulin.

Insulin is secreted continually at varying rates and acts in fine tune with hormones (glucagon, catecholamines) that raise blood sugar to maintain blood sugar levels within very narrow limits (about 80 to 100 mg/100 ml of blood). Circulating insulin is quickly inactivated, mainly in the liver and kidneys, its half-life being only a few minutes.
Pharmaceutical Use. Insulin for the treatment of diabetes is obtained from the pancreases of cattle and pigs. Equally potent human insulin is now available from genetically engineered bacteria and also via enzymatic conversion of pig insulin. Because digestion of the insulin protein inactivates the hormone, insulin cannot be taken orally and must be administered by injection or infusion.


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ARTIKEL DUNIA KERJA: Compulsive Internet Disorder

The Internet has become an important aspect of most people’s lives, because it’s used for communication, information, or entertainment. Billions of people around the world send e-mail, chat online, read the news, and maybe even gamble, trade stocks, or play competitive games on a daily basis. Some have moved into a dangerous realm, though. The Internet can provide a sense of instant fulfillment or cause people to withdraw from the real world, exactly like someone addicted to drugs or alcohol.

A number of psychologists state that people who become addicted to the Internet already suffer from some kind of illness. For example, someone hooked on day trading would still recklessly buy and sell stocks by phone or face to face with a broker. But other psychiatrists see the addiction as real. These professionals believe the medical world should recognize Internet addiction, and insurance companies should pay for treatment. While doctors and other experts debate the issue, South Korea has already acted on the problem. In addition to counseling centers and treatment programs at hospitals, a rehab center for teens has recently been established. The country held the world’s first conference on compulsive Internet disorder, too. Ninety percent of South Korean homes have Internet access, and online gaming is a national sport. Children ditch school to play games. Some gamers have even dropped dead from exhaustion after days and days online.

The rehab center offers teens the opportunity to rediscover satisfaction with the real world. During the twelve days, participants are barred from computers and may only use a cell phone one hour per day. The remaining time gets filled with physical exercise and group activities which establish real-life emotional bonds. The center turns away about four applicants for each available opening.

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